Planning and Maintenance Problems

Planning and Maintenance businesssPlan and MaintenanceProblem 1 To calculate to flush operative temperature in this room in August, some assumes atomic number 18 made before calculationThe operative temperature in adjoining rooms is equal to that for the module under divvy upation and therefore rut glow occur only through the outside window- hem inThe window all told in allow for be open during the day and close at darknessThe caloric transmittance of the window frame is equal to that of the glass there are no internal blinds, therefor the solar gain to the aviation node is zero (Sa =0)According to the equation (5.42), this calculation will be divided into three parts. First, pay off out the mean operative temperature. Second, find out the break in operative temperature. And find out the peak temperature in the utmost.CalculationAreaExternal wall = 3.08m2, native wall = 40.88m2, Internal floor = 19.8m2Ceiling (intermediate floor) = 19.8m2, Glazing ( take. frame) = 7 .0m2Volume of room = 55.44m3Summed valuesSummed commonwealth = 90.56m2Summed U Value = 22.1/WK-1Summed U Value = 321.2/WK-1First part conceive operative temperatureSolar Gain through glazing (Table 5.7) = 0.62 x 177 x 6.3= 691.36WInternal heat gain= (792 + 1280 + 1584) / 24=152.33WFabric heat gain (Table 2.34(h))= (3.08 x 0.49 x 26.9) + (7 x 2.94 x 19.8)= 448.08W constitutional gains to environmental node= 691.36 + 152.33 + 448.08= 1291.8WTotal gain to air node= 0 + (55.4 x 19.8)= 1097.7WRoom cellular respiration conductance (Table 5.2)=1/3 x 3 x 55.44=55.44WK-1Thermal reaction factor for the room= (321.2 + 55.44) / (22.1 + 55.44)= 4.9Room conductance correction factor= 3 55.44 + (6 x 90.56) / 22.1 + (18 X 90.56)= 1.09Mean operative temperature at center of room= 1097.7 + (1.09 x 1291.8) / 55.44 + (1.09 x 22.1)= 31.51KSecond farewell- drop in operative temperature quaver in solar gain (Table 2.30 and Table 5.7)= 0.44 x 6.3 x (603 177)= 1180.9WSwing in structural gain (Tabl e 2.34(h), and given time lag factor (9.5h))= (0.18 x 3.08 x 0.49) x (11.7 26.9) + (1 x 7 x 2.94) x (24.8 19.8) = 98.77WSwing in internal gain= (2 x 80) + ( 10 x 19.8) 152.33= 205.67WSwing in ventilation heat gain= 55.44 x (24.8 19.8)= 277.2WTotal span in heat gain to environmental node= 1180.9 + 98.77 + 205.67= 1485.3WTotal jive in heat gain to air node= 0 + 227.30= 227.30WMean-to-peak swing in operative temperatureRoom admittance factor with respect to operative temperature= 3 55.44 + (6 x 90.56) / 321.2 + (18 x 90.56) = 0.92The swing in operative temperature at 1230(at 1230) = 277.2 + ( 0.92 x 1485.3) / 55.44 + (0.92 x 321.2) = 4.68KFinal PartPeak internal operative temperature= 31.51 + 4.68= 36.2CAs the result, the temperature is too gamy in the office space, some issues of shading or cooling should be required to reduce the find of oerheat. Problem 22a)During project handover, the working(a) attempt watchfulness cycle starts with the first implementation p rocedures by creating the lay on the line inventory through endangerment identification and essay taskment.Starting with periliness identification and assessment, the better the risk assessment and the risk education collect is structured the more successful will be the future proceed reassessment process. Good results for risk evaluation are achieved if unit heads and risk or process experts agree on the valuation of the risk.Then, risk extenuation and control system is carried out in view to adequately assessing the force of an identified risk on the organizations business, one has to consider existing controls and mitigating mea authoritatives that already reduce the give carelihood or severity of the risk scenario identified. A risk mitigating measure is ordinarily a one-time measure for which an im graftation date and a responsible person are defined. Risk scenario, temperance measure, control, and loss event help to keep track of the implementation criterion. These results in improved transparency, efficiency and data integrity compared to the widespread solutions that typically occasion problems with regard to social failr access rights, data integrity and confidentiality.Followed by risk extenuation and control system is risk controlling and reporting. The goal of the risk management process is to keep identified risks in line with the risk policy and risk strategy sanction by the Board of Directors and the decision maker team. This process could assure existing controls are actually performed and newly approved risk mitigating measures are implemented as planned.Lastly, followed by the above steps of cognitive operational risk management processes, simple risk aggregation and desegregation manners squirt be introduced.Grouping risks by categories to look for worst-case risk scenarios, consolidating risks crosswise business units and evaluating dependencies, correlation or diversification potential mingled with risks scum b ag be introduced already with relatively simple methods and are an important step towards an integrated risk perspective. base on the structured risk information gathered and the integrated perspective on all relevant risks, mitigation measures and implemented controls, the risk manager is able to produce risk reports agree to the need of any type of management level.2b)There are a number of elements manifold in the nurture and im layation of operational risks. They could be divided into Pre-handover activities and post-handover activities. The following responsibilities should be worked among the project sponsor, grammatical construction owners, contractors and sustentation providers.Regarding Pre-handover activitiesFirst, develop commissioning syllabus which including the calibrating, testing and running of structure systems, run and equipment to escort the building is ready for use. Sometimes, the manufacturers re usheratives may be present on site to authorize the opera tion of improvements and equipment. To make sure the services and equipment have been correctly installed and functioning. Calibrating the control instruments and systems to ensure energy conservation and environment curbs are maintained.Second, transferring of software documentation to the client is involved in the development and implementation of operational risks. For example, in terms of building service, the building documentation may include statutory authority permits and approvals, including progressive building certifier approvals. Providing typeset, equipment, services and system information and schedules, including recommendations regarding lifecycle costing, as-built building plans and commissioning data, service maintenance requirements, operation and maintenance manuals covering design and operating parameters, service maintenance schedules, maintenance and cleaning products, tools and spare parts.Third, the project contractors should assist the building owner or maintenance providers to determine the building maintenance requirements.Forth, develop handover instruct program to familiarize the building owner and maintenance provider personnel with building equipment and systems. It is a good practice as training sessions coordination could utilize the expertness of the design and construction teams much(prenominal) as subcontractors. Effective training will let the building users and owners obtaining knowledge to manage the building and its fixtures, fit-outs, equipment, services and systems. The training contents may include occupational instructions and coincide with the handover of building documentation.Regarding Post- handover activitiesFirst, identify outstanding defects and rectify all outstanding defects prior to final goal. If defects or omissions are identified by the building owner later on final completion.Second, monitor maintenance and update building asset records is involved in the implantation of operational risks. Mos t building contracts have a defects liability period, typically for twelve months from the practical completion. Therefore, maintenance activity should be monitored and maintenance records should be continually updated to reflect any new defects and fudge factor works. And these records should be added into a defects report, including the details of maintenance activities undertaken.The certificate of final completion confirms that all contractual requirements have been met, including the rectification or acceptance of all outstanding defects and attendance to all omissions.Forth, project files and accounts are to be disagreeable which allow easy auditing in the future. Substantial records gived or received by the design and construction team must be sorted, indexed and recorded to create an auditable project trail. Care must be taken to store all financial records securely. Undertake final completion gazeion to ensure copacetic rectification of all outstanding defects.Last but non least, update and maintain asset register and other relevant asset management systems. Problem 33a)Operating temperaturesThe electrical energy produced by biomass gasification CHP plants house be put one overd directly or injected into the network. The production of thermal energy stick out be specified at belowHigh-temperature heat (steam or thermal oil, up to 200 C) applies for industries which consume heat.Low-temperature heat ( blistering water at 90-95 C) applies for industries which consume heat, urban heat energy plant networks by hospitals, schools, government bodies, swimming pools, and industries conjugate to the woods sector that have co-products and thermal energy requirements.CostThe capital be of the biomass CHP processes are much higher than fossil deal fired CHP systems. nonaged biomass CHP is undergoing trials in the UK. Biomass CHP offers a carbon saving potential for giving sites (e.g. over 20 MWe). At these scales, biomass CHP will typically use steam turbines linked to district heating.Environmental regulation / considerationsTo apply biomass CHP, several matters should be considered. forget a suitable supply chain for biomass fuel. The site access for large lorries delivering the fuel and storage space for the fuel. The route and mechanism to transport fuel from the store to the timpani and the plant room space around the boiler for cleaning.Integration into the building engineering systemBuilding systems are usually connected to the network via a heat exchanger. Whilst there is some cadence of thermal loss from the heat distribution infrastructure, the aggregation of small heat loads from individual buildings into a single large load allows the use of large scale heat technologies.3b)A district heating intrigue comprises a network of insulated pipes used to deliver heat, in the form of hot water or steam, from the patch of generation to an end user. District heating networks provide the means to transport heat effi ciently. They can currently be built up to around 30km from generating plant and distribution networks can be hundreds of kilometers long. The development of the district heating scheme is benefit to the community include avoided costs of energy, through the use of surplus and wasted heat energy, and decreased investment in individual household or building heating equipment. Problem 44a)CBM is a short form Condition Based Maintenance. It is a maintenance strategy that adopted the actual correspond of the asset to decide what maintenance needs to be done. It acts as a circumstance monitoring since it provides an instantaneous indication of a machines condition, ensuring unfavourable systems maintained in top condition and spot the upcoming of plant misadventure. More, it helps improve the conventional maintenance regime by evaluating indicative parameters of plant condition such as temperature, vibe, oil condition, power quality.CBM is a passing effective maintenance strategy which benefits to safety and reliability nature industries such as aircraft industry, semiconductor manufacturing, nuclear, oil and power etc. The advantages examples are give tongue to as followingFirst, it enhances fault signal detection in many plant items. Second, it reduces failure rates, labour time and repair budgets. Third, by carrying out the CBM, it gains the great understanding of plant performance, and thus improves the energy efficiency and worker safety.4b)As mentioned in 4a), there are a lot of benefits by adopting CBM. below are the five different CBM methods examples which would help enhance fault detection in plant items and reduce their failure rates.First, acoustical emission monitoring which monitoring defect the naturally occurring high frequence structure borne bendable waves which are produced in materials under some form of stress. Acoustic emissions are the stress waves measuring in dB at high frequency 20kHz to 1 MHz. The instrument is commonly used to listen and measure the acoustic signals emanating from items such as pumps bearing to define the condition with the plant during it operation. It has a good signal to noise ratio and is not affected by background noise.Second, Vibration analysis which forecast the condition for most machines with moving parts and all rotating machinery has a degree of vibration due to difficulties in balancing the moving parts. For example, bearing degradation and misalignment, to assess plant condition to enhance fault detection and reduce failure rates.It measured in dB at lower frequency pass of 100Hz to 10KHz. When faults begin to appear in plant items, the normal vibrations begin to level signs of change. When these vibration measurements are trended over a period of time, the change in the plant conditions can be seen as a graphical representation. It can indicate when lubrication is required, whether the lubrication has been successful and the condition of bearings. Moreover, any misalig nment, loose components and other problems that nominate the machine to vibrate can be detected, giving maintenance module the chance to intercept faults and maximise the effectiveness of these tasks and their time.Third, application of Ultrasonic thickness testing uses complex electronic equipment to generate and detect reflections of ultrasonic vibrations from interfaces between materials. Any material that transmits mechanical vibrations can be tested.It is the best method in terms of cost-effectiveness and the ability to detect irregularities in a auriferous system. For example, it can read its thickness by simply touching the stigma with the measurement head. Contact is usually assured by first removing microscopical corrosion scale and then applying petroleum jelly or another(prenominal) couplant before pressing the probe against metal. It could detect the occurrence of pitting and cracks both(prenominal) internally and externally resulting from corrosion, microbial and chemical contamination and general erosion and tear. Therefore, it avoids the possibilities of leaking and potential failure of critical systems. More importantly, the testing is used to inspect metal to determine quality and safety without destroying or compromising its integrity.Forth, Thermography could be used to evaluate plant condition by obtaining temperature observations of building service pant. The deviation in temperature at which particular pieces of plant operate is practically indicative of plant condition. The radiation emitted from the surface of an object is a function of the object temperature with the infrared element of the radiation being measured and reborn into an equivalent temperature. The thermal image is constructed from a multitude of point measurements. And the point temperature values are represented on a grey or colour scale.Last, Lubricant and fluid analysis. Microbes can induce corrosion of firebrand and non-ferrous metals or they can accelerate normal electro-chemical corrosion processes. This mechanism can be occurred directly or indirectly. The analysis will reveal things like oil contamination, incorrect fill levels, as well as a breakdown or degradation of the lubricants composition. The procedure is performed by taking a small sample of the lubricant from the machine in question and sending it to laboratory for aassessment of the presence of the organism.1