Amazon Long Tail Essay Example for Free

virago Long Tail EssayThe long seat is a phenomenon whereby firms can make m bingley by offering a near-limitless selection the term was coined by Chris Anderson, an editor at Wired magazine, and I spirit both virago and Netflix have a long tail model since they can offer things that many stores dont carry so in that respect is always something for someone. (Gallaugher) I feel like Amazon has done a great job of using the long tail method and have a limitless selection of anything someone could ever want or need. I find that I can see things I have never plane dreamed about. I only buy books there but it is good to browse.Amazon Offers a nearly limitless selection and something evoke happens theres actually more property to be made selling the obscure stuff than the hits. At Amazon.com, roughly 60 percent of books exchange are titles that arent available in even the biggest Borders or Barnes Noble Superstores.(Anderson 2004)Amazon.com is a Fortune 500 e-commerce play al ong based in Seattle, WA. Amazon was one of the first big companies to sell goods over the Internet. The company was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, and launched in 1995. They started out as an online bookstore and then quickly diversified by adding other items, such as VHS tapes and DVDs, music CDs, software, video games, electronics, MP3s, clothing, furniture, toys and even food items. (Schneider)Amazon took its long tail strategy in a totally bran-new direction, offering its Prime customers (those who pay a $79 annual fee for free 2-day shipping) a wide selection of streaming movies and television shows, for free. The move is a direct slap at Netflix, a company that started with a focus on renting hard-to-find, long tail DVDs but which has moved increasingly toward pop blockbusters as its video streaming operations ramp up. Amazon will not have nearly as many recent and popular releases in its free offer as Netflix, but for people who are open to Amazons viewing suggestions its hard to beat free (Wunker, 2011).This can show how the differences of how companies charge money for similar services can affect the long tail view. I feel that it is hard to have a long tail kind of company because of the competition The long tail gives the firm a selection advantage (or one based on scale) that traditional stores simply cannot match. This is both true of Amazon and of Netflix while Netflix can stream its videos Amazon has to send out its products by post. (Gallaugher)The IT Department at Amazon.com also has a massive responsibility, as they oversee an large system that is extremely reliable. Amazon.com describes their IT group as system, database, and networking experts (that) build and operate highly reliable, scalable distributed systems with terabyte-sized databases and infrastructure that can handle a massive number customers (Schneider) knowledgeable all of this It is used makes it easier for Amazon to fine tune its company and find the best fits for its cu stomers.It is true that Netflix and Amazon have an endless stock and dont need to keep them in house but in time Amazon will fully own the business as it expands and offers more products for less. Amazon is global but it is unheard of to use Netflix here in Korea. I actually can use different free sites to stream free videos since the counterpart right laws in Korea are a bit flexible. In conclusion both companies seem to be doing well in the long tail cranial orbit but Netflix may fail in the near future unless it ventures out to new and different things. Amazon will crush it if they dont adjust soon.

Joint Venture in China Essay Example for Free

Joint Venture in mainland China EssayIN CHINA INTRODUCTION XYZ expressage deals in the manufacture and sale of various aliment products as well as early(a) home products. Owing to sound forethought practices the company has made a breakthrough, manufacturing and selling a wide run for of high quality products. Because it wants to capture a wide market, it has decided to enter into a occasion venture in China. This has associated opportunities and threats.ANALYTICAL EXAMINATION OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE WITH THE make 1) SYNERGESTIC EFFECTS Obviously the formulate venture option would result in synergy. The end result would be enhanced output since the two companies shall have pooled their resources together. These are machines and man power (expertise). The resultant production would surpass the individual production capacities of the two reefer ventures.2) WIDENED INTERNATIONAL MARKET The joint venture would enable XYZ to train additional markets for its products a cross the Asian countries. While operating alone, XYZ could only sell its products within Europe. But with the joint venture in China, and with a well co-ordinated trade for their products, they are likely to capture a wider international market.3) HIGH QUALITY PRODUCTS Chinese trys are well known for their high quality products. This is owed to the possession of and recurring innovation of new technologies and new ways of doing things. They also have enviable workforces who are renowned of their expertise in the manufacturing sector. The Chinese enterprises are companies which practice contribute quality management as their key strategies. This is a management technique that dwells in improving the needs of the customers. It also aims at ensuring that every member of the judicature fully participates in the affairs of the organization.The joint venture enables all and sundry to recognize the fact that quality is inevitable as an ingredient to success. Total role Management le ads to the generation of policies that are of high quality and also the effective dissemination of such policies to every member of the organization.4) BUSINESS LOCATION The location of the joint venturer i. e. at the central of the globe would also be a very good luck for XYZ Company Limited. This would make the two companies operate from a central point with the advantage being that one of enhancing the marketability of their products.5) PUBLIC EXPECTATION The public associates a joint venture as a step adapt towards satisfying their needs more effectively. This is due to pooled resources including manpower. 6) DIVERSIFICATION The another(prenominal) opportunity inherent in the lesser enterprises joint venture in China is that of diversification. They would be able to produce a wide range of products owing to vast resources.7) FINANCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE CHINA VENTURER The small enterprise (European) has the opportunity with entering into a joint venture with a fiscally sound C hinese enterprise.The effect of the financial soundness of the Chinese enterprise on the small European enterprise is that the joint venture as a whole go forth non suffer from financial constraints. With a strong financial background, they will be able to even open up new branches and initiate new viable projects. In the year ended 31st celestial latitude 2006, the Chinese company made a profit $ 700 million after taxes. The venture is also likely to benefit the shareholders as the dividend per share is likely to increase.THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VENTURE.1) local anesthetic LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE A problem will arise when formulating policies, implementing the policies and evaluation as a result of differential in languages. Whereas the staff and management of the small European Enterprise recognize the English language as the official spoken language, the Chinese company does not. The staff and management of the venture in China can only effectively communicate in Chinese. This w ould greatly hinder effective communication that is essential in decision making and policy formulation.2) DILUTION OF CONTROL.Shareholders of XYZ Limited would be faced with this threat of dilution of their control. After the joint venture exercise they may not continue enjoying some if not all of their powers and rights. This is as a result of the joining of the other shareholders of the Chinese venturer in the entity. 3) COMBATING COMPETITORS Competitors of both the European small enterprise and of the Chinese enterprise would definitely react to the mean joint venture of the two companies. And they would do everything to ensure that they have countered the stiff competition that is likely to come out of the venture.The rival companies would improve the quality of their products as well as improving on creativity and innovation. This will pose a great challenge / threat on the European country because they will have to work on improving on their products in addition to being mo re innovative to avert such competition from rival companies. presidential term INTERVENTION /LEGISLATIONS G everyplacenment intervention can be a real threat to the joint venture. These can be in the form of ultimatums from either the European Union or from China itself. The legislations can also be in the form of changes in tax laws which may not favour the intended joint venture.4) INADEQUATE EVALUATION OF THE CHINESE COMPANY The small European country has not evaluated the Chinese company to see if it is worth entering into a joint venture with it. Evaluation can be in the form of trend and industrial analysis, taking note on profitability trends, changes in upset over the years, dividend payments, the companys earning per share. They have not also evaluated the Chinese company on its level of activities using such activity ratios as stock turnover ratio to determine how the company changes finished goods to sales.Other relevant ratios would be creditors turnover, fixed assets turnover. The other very important evaluation that they have not carried out on the Chinese company is to establish how geared the company is. If the company is highly geared i. e. it has more of borrowed roof than owners capital in it capital structure it runs the risk of being insolvent any time which would ultimately affect the European Enterprise. The European enterprise has also not established the real reputation of the Chinese company in the capital market.They need to do this through an evaluation of its price earnings ration visa-vis that of other companies in the capital market who intend to invest in the company. ACCOUNTING PROBLEMS A serious problem is going to be encountered in the preparation of the lowest accounts as a result of the joint venture. The accounting staff of the European enterprise must change /adjust to the new approach of preparing their accounts. The accounts must be prepared in accordance with the international Accounting standards on the treatment of a joint venture.In a joint venture, every transaction is put down on a 50- 50 basis. Even the minority interest on each of the companys operation will be based n the stake of every venturer in the joint venture i. e. 50%. b) The International Environment of championship enables one to know the culture in the environment that the business is operating in. the idea of IEB here is to bring to the awareness of the companies, the cultural environment and how this will affect their business. Cultural factors like religion will greatly influence demand of products.As some products may be liked by other religious groups, they may be an abomination across other religious groupings. A wider international market can be an opportunity to XYZ Ltd but owing to IEM models which stipulate in changes in the political and social economical changes of the Business Environment, the widened international market may not be a reality. Economically, the joint venture may be operating in a comparati vely high inflation economies which might stagnate profitability. There is also likely to be a change in the tax laws of the foreign country and XYZ Ltd will have to experience such changes.Other economic changes that the two companies would be influenced by IEB are economic growth and employment. Economic growth has an influence on the demand for products whereas employment influences the supply of labour. The International Environment of Business also focuses on the Technological environment. Technology is a question of inventions and new techniques in processes, tools and machines. gibe to the IEB models, technology is an important area that need not be overlooked as it enhances efficiency through a reduction of the production costs, selling and merchandise costs as well as administration costs.The joint venture must also emphasize on technology if they have to conquer the opportunity of high quality production that will satisfy customer demands. Technology would also provide b etter services to their customers. The International Environment of Business over again focuses on the need of businesses to practice business ethics within the environments they are operating. Ethics commands that the business entities employ fair advertising and marketing practices, adherence to the laws are regulations governing a certain foreign nation and the observance and maintenance of high standards of conduct and integrity.Much as the joint venture will be enjoying the centrality of their business location and a sound marketing network, they have to put into contemplation the essence of practicing ethics in their place of operation. In conclusion therefore, the management of both companies would have to review their opportunities as well as threats and establish how the International Environment of Business models /ideas would affect their business operations. References Brandenburger, A. M. and Nalebuff, B. J. (1995)The Right Game uptake Game Theory to Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp.57-71 Coyne, K. P. and Subramaniam, S. (1996) Bringing discipline to strategy, the McKinsey Quarterly, No. 4 Gordon, I. (1989) Beat the Competition How to Use Competitive Intelligence to Develop kind Business Strategies Oxford, Basil Blackwell Publishers Hunger, J. David Wheelen, Thomas L. (2003) Essentials of Strategic Management. bare-ass Jersey, Pearson Education Inc Kotter, J. P. (1996) Leading Change London Harvard Business School Press McGahan, A. (2004) How Industries Evolve Principles for Achieving and Sustaining.Superior Performance, Boston, Harvard Business School Press Menon, A. and Menon, A. (1997) Enviropreneurial marketing strategy the emergence of corporate environmentalism as marketing strategy Journal of Marketing. Vol. 61, pg. 51 67 Porter, M. (1980)Competitive Strategy New York, The Free Press. Porter, M. (1998) Competitive Advantage (with a new introduction) New York, The Free Press. Peteraf, A. (1993) The Cornerst ones of Competitive Advantage-A Resource-Based View in Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 179-191.

Ratio Analysis Sainsburys Vs Morrisons Finance Essay

Ratio Analysis Sainsburys Vs Morrisons Finance EssayWhen considered as a whole, the grocery market in the UK hassteadily growingin coat, organism about 4biggertoday than it has beena grade ago August 2012 update 12 weeks ending July 8, 2012 harvest rate slows from 4.2% to 2.1% repayable to a greater extent than often than not to a drop in price inflation 6.2% to 3.8%.Morrisons is growing more slowly then Sainsburys the company is on track to add approx. 20 parvenue storesin 2012with most of those locations featuring alarger selection of produce. The UK grocery market was cost 163.2 billion in 2012, an increase of 3.8% on 2011, IGD forecast that the UK grocery market value will be worth 192.6bn in 2017, an 18.0% increase on 2012. The grocery markets package accounts for 54.3p in all(prenominal) 1 of UK retail spending.What is the size of the UK grocery market Source IGD UK channel forecasts 20121.2 The Companies1.2.1 SainsburysJ Sainsbury plc. is the parent company of Sains burys Supermarkets Ltd, commonly known as Sainsburys, the third largest chain of supermarkets in the get together Kingdom with a share of the UK supermarket sector of 16.5%. The group also has interests in property and banking. It was founded in 1869 and today operates over 1,000 supermarkets and convenience stores and employs around 150,000 colleagues. It is listed on the groovy of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE atomic number 6 Index.1.2.2 MorrisonsThe supermarket, which generated gross gross sales of 18.1 billion in the year, said it had not done enough to communicate its promotions and suffered because it still lacked a meaningful presence in the ii fastest growing sectors of the market. Morrisons is the UKs fourth largest forage retailer with over 400 stores. The super market is mainly food and grocery weekly shop. Morrisons employs 129,000 staff at 498 stores. Their reports show that like-for-like sales dropped 2.1% in the year, whil e the add up of 11.4 million customers in its stores each week was down on the prior year.2. adapt Ratio Analysis2.1 Gearing RatiosGearing Ratios (%)Company/ division20122011Sainsbury31.7330.13Morrison22.8616.25Source appendix 1SainsburysA gearing between 25% 50% is generally considered nominal for an established business. It implies that Sainsbury is happy to finance its activities using borrowing. Sainsbury focuses more on investment in revenue growth rather than simoleons as the company increased sales revenue and non- meetd assets but suffered a loss in 2012.MorrisonsThe business is considered low gearing as its gearing is little(prenominal) than 25%. The business is growing through with(predicate) reinvestment of profits and minimizing risk. However, in 2012, in that location is an increase in gearing from 16.25% in 2011 to 22.86% and this is mainly because the business increased pertinacious-run borrowings by 548m and reduced retained cabbage and shared capital.2. 2 use up Cover RatioInterest Cover RatioCompany/Year20122011Sainsbury6.047.40Morrsion20.5920.62Source Appendix 2SainsburysThe ratio indicates that the borrowing capital is used effectively to generate profits and that the business is able to meet its short-term interest obligations from its earnings. Sainsbury is growing, making worthwhile investments to continue to expand.MorrisonsThe ratio suggests that Morrison is generating enough income to remain its interest obligations and is thus financially stable. However, such a high ratio also suggests that Morrison is neglecting opportunities to magnify profits through leverage.3. LIQUIDITY RATIO ANALYSIS3.1 CURRENT RATIOCOMPANY/ division20112012SAINSBURY.580.647MORRISON.545.574Source Appendix 3SainsburysSainsburys true assets are considerably urbane than the current liabilities in both the years as Sainsbury has invested a lot in fixed assets as well as in subsidiaries and joint ventures. Sainsbury is obliged to stomach a l ot of money as a part of tax and also in generating its assets so the indebtedness is therefore more than the assets. For every 1pound liability they take only 64.7 pence worth of asset to height it.MorrisonsMorrison current ratio is smaller than the current ratio of Sainsbury which indicates that Sainsbury is doing slightly better than Morrison in the market. Morrison current liabilities is more than the current assets due to more of borrowing that involves short term loans, investment in fixed assets and payment of tax. For every 1pound liability they realize only 57.4 worth of asset to cover it.3.2 ACID TEST RATIOCOMPANY/YEAR20112012SAINSBURY.304.348MORRISON.239.247Source Appendix 4SainsburysThe acid test ratio is very less as Sainsbury, being a retail store, is highly dependent on sale of inventory. As acid test ratio of Sainsbury is .348 that is less than 1 it nub that Sainsbury cannot pay their current liabilities.MorrisonsLike Sainsburys, Morrison also being highly depen dent on inventories, acid ratio is expected to be less. Morrisons acid ratio is .247, which is less than 1, meaning Morrison cannot pay their current liabilities. It would be only able to generate 24.7 % cash of its current liabilities.Both the companies fails in extinguishing its current liabilities but this is not due to their market position or growth but just due to the nature of the business (retail).4. PROFITABILITY RATIO ANALYSIS4.1 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)Return on Capital EmployedCo./Year20122011Sainsburys10.11 %11.06 %Morrisons13.83 %13.70 %(Source Appendix 5 )SainsburysROCE growth in 2012 was subvert than last year partly due to the cumulative effect of Sainsburys accelerated investment in space growth since 2009 (Sainsburys, 2011). This initially shrank profits whilst increasing the value of capital employed.MorrisonsMorrisons delivered improved returns to its shareholders. For every 1 capital invested in the business, the annual return is 13.83 pence in 2012 and was 13.70 pence in 2011. This profitability ratio of Morrison is moderately high than Sainsburys, hence Morrisons is able to gain more profit on average capital employed.4.2 Return on virtue (ROE)Return on rectitudeCo./Year20122011Sainsburys10.62 %11.79 %Morrisons12.78 %11.66 %(Source Appendix 6)SainsburysSainsburys Return on Equity in 2012 has decreased by 1.17 % compared to 2011 due to decline in shareholder gold. In 2011, they performed slightly better than Morrisons as they had better reserves and share capital and the cabbage after Tax (PAT) was significantly lower than Morrisons.MorrisonsMorrisons ROE has significantly improved over d last fewer years and continue to background high values. In 2012, they showed a 1.12% increase in ROE compared to 2011 and had a 12.78 % shareholder equity. The shareholders invested a lot which resulted in higher(prenominal) returns.4.3 Gross Profit bankGross Profit MarginCo./Year20122011Sainsburys5.43 %5.49 %Morrisons6.89 %6.96 %( Source Appendix 7)SainsburysA moderate decline in the ratio between 2011 and 2012 explains the fact that the gross profit was lower in relation to sales revenue. This means that cost of sales was higher relative to sales revenue within the period.MorrisonsMorrisons Gross Profit Margin is higher than Sainsburys as they had a lower sales revenue and moderate gross profit compared to the latter. In 2012, 6.89 % of the net sales are available to pay impinge on all the operating expenses.4.4 Net/Operating Profit MarginNet/Operating Profit MarginCo./Year20122011Sainsburys3.74 %4.07 %Morrisons5.48 %5.38 %(Source Appendix 8)SainsburysSainsbury accounted to lower Net Profit Margin than Morrisons because of falling sales and rising be. The market has a lot of competition where small groceries and convenience stores capture quite a bit of jibe UK food retail.MorrisonsMorrisons performed fairly well and showed significant increase in the operating profits from Sainsburys over the past year . It accounted 5.48 % Net Profit Margin in the current financial year (Sales Revenue 17663m). It is a result of superior execution and induction of higher margin products in their sales mix.Morrisons seems to be more advantageous than Sainsburys across all available profitability measures.5.0 Efficiency Ratios(Source of Data, Apendix 9, Financial Reports of Sainsburys and Morrisons)5.1 Fixed Assets TurnoverThis ratio shows how efficiently the company is using fixed assets to generate sales. downcast ratios indicate the company is capital intensive or that company requires a lot of fixed assets to generate a given amount of sales. (Gildersleeve, R. (1999) p.136).Efficiency RatiosYear/Comp.SainsburysMorrisons20112.40 times2.18 times20122.39 times2.22 timesSainsburysIn 2012 Sainsburys shows an increase in Sales Revenue for approx 1, degree centigrade m, which made its ratio slightly lower comparing to 2011. The ratio remained fairly similar because the value of fixed assets at net bo ok value increased as well. The reason for the increase in fixed assets could be explained by Sainsburys tendency for opening new stores. The financial report states that they opened 19 new supermarkets, 28 extensions, and 73 convenience stores, which are only to set out operating and contributing to sales.MorrisonsOn the other hand Morrisons managed to improve their ratio by obtaining similar value of their fixed assets from 2011 to 2012, and using them more efficiently to musical score an increase in sales revenue of 1, cytosinem. Generally looking at the industry the Average ratios for Retail Food companies are between 4-5 (Wal-Mart Stores USA 5.00), (Gildersleeve, R. (1999) p.136), so Sainsburys should aim to increase the use of their fixed assets in order to increase the sales.5.2 Average Inventories TurnoverShows how many days company had to stock goods for sale originally they were sold. In the retail-food industry this period should be kept fairly low because of the nat ure of the business. Lower ratio indicates that company will spend less funds towards stocking items before putting it on sale and getting profit from it.Average Inventories TurnoverYear /Comp.SainsburyMorrison201114.86 Days15.19 Days201215.85 Days16.85 DaysSainsburysSainsburys shows growth in the average of inventories held over the course of year by almost 100 m. As costs of sales have increased from 2011-2012, this ratio shows a slight growth in number of days goods are kept in stock. The increase of inventory in stock could be explained by Sainsburys growth of sales in 2012. Higher demand forces company to have more items in stock in order to satisfy the needs of the customers.MorrisonsMorrisons shows even higher growth in average days the goods are stocked. Morrisons also note the increase in cost of sales, even more than Sainsburys. The financial reports of Morrisons state a few reasons, among which increasingly higher prices of fuel on the market.5.3 Profit Per EmployeeProfit Per EmployeeYear/ Comp.SainsburyMorrison20115,572.78 per emp.6,617.50 per emp.20125,256.58 per emp.7,217.60 per emp.SainsburysIt is notable that companys profit has been reduced from 2011-2012 for 2.8 m, which is 3.4%, even though its sales have risen for 6.8%. This could be explained by the number of reasons, but one of them that is important for this ratio is that they have also increased the number of employees. This has negatively influenced their Profit per Employee ratio, go away it behind the industry average and Morrisons.MorrisonsUnlike Sainsburys, Morrisons notes the increase in profit and reduction of number of employees. This is the most desirable situation for a company. Their profit was higher for 8 % in 2012 than in 2011.5.4 Average Trade Debtor sight PeriodIt indicates the period of time which is needed for company to collect trade debts. This ratio reveals a great deal about a companys credit policy and the efficiency which it can collect money from its custo mers. (Fight, A. (2006) p. 57)).Average Trade Debtor Collection PeriodYear/Comp.SainsburyMorrison20111.61Days4.79 Days20121.90 Days4.34 DaysSainsburysSainsburys shows an increase in the average time that they needed to collect the trade dept. Even though their costs of sales remained fairly similar, there was a substantial increase in the amount of trade debt. Even though this negatively influenced the ratio, Sainsburys has made trades from which they expect to receive money in near future. Furthermore their ratio shows efficiency at collecting debts, comparing both to the industry and Morrisons.MorrisonsMorrisons have significantly higher average debt collection period. Even though they have managed to slightly decrease their Trade receivables from 2011-2012, their costs of sales increased by approx 1,000m which has not made it workable for this ratio to improve further.6. INVESTMENT RATIO ANALYSISFORMULAS* Eearning Per Shares = profit available to shareholders/ no. of shares rank ed for dividend* Dividend Yield= dividend per share/ market price * 100%*Dividend cover = Preference Dividend/Ordinary DividendSAINSBURYS MORRISONS2011 2012 2011 2012(%) (%)EARNING PER SHARE33.831.523.4326.03DIVIDEND YIELD15.1016.19.6010.70DIVIDEND COVER1.751.752.402.396.1 EARNING PER SHARE YEARSainsburysIn 2011 Sainsburys experienced a sharp increase in earnings per share going up by 33.8%. And in 2012 the Sainsbury went down with 31.5% having a loss of 2.3%. It is important that assets are revaluated in order to keep the real value of assets on balance sheet. Earnings per share in 2011 increased by 2.3% to 33.8 p, reflecting the improvement in the operating profit and the effect of the additional shares, more importantly due to the property profits.MorrisonsMorrisons earnings per share compared to Sainsburys are lower. This is driven by smaller profit and the fact that Morrisons is a smaller sized supermarket chain. The earning per share has 23.43% at 2011 mainly caused by the hig her profits on business disposals that the company went through last year, so the return to shareholders was a lower rate per share.6.2 DIVIDEND YIELD YEARSainsburysThe dividend yield had a slightly decreased since the dividend per share only increased by 15.10% from 2011 year. This was a decision from the company and it reflects the reduction in the earning per share already mentioned and the fall in the dividend cover by 1.75% in 2011.MorrisonsMorrison dividend yield is much less in 2011 it was 9.6% and in 2012 the dividend went up to 10.70%.6.3 DIVIDEND COVER YEARSainsburysDividend cover of Sainsburys says that earnings available for dividend cover is 1.75% in 2011 and also in 2012 so there was not change in the divided cover over the past two years. In terms of dividend cover, Sainsburys has its policy based on their calculations to maintain the dividend cover between 1.50 1.75 times. The reason behind it is that if the dividend cover is too low, there is a porta that the comp any will not be able to pay out the investors.MorrisonsIn Morrisons divided cover, it showers that in 2011 it has 2.40% whereas in 2012 it has 2.39%, which is still more than Sainsbury. For the year 2011 Morrisons dividend cover is 2.4 times, claim that it is in line with the European food retail sector average (Morrisons, 2011).7. Future Perspectives and StrategiesBoth Sainsburys and Morrisons have their business strategies for future outlined in their financial statements. Morrisons financial strategy continues to deliver improved margins whilst positioning long term growth. They wish to increase their customer appeal and growth of sales, which is meant to be reborn into profitable growth.They have realized the potential in online retail, so they will finally enter the online groceries market to challenge Tesco, Asda and Sainsburys, making it the last of the major supermarket groups to have an internet presence, but only after reporting its first fall in profits for six years.CUs ersUSERDesktopfinancial management1.JPGSainsburys based their business strategy on encounter consumer needs, taking into the account the on-going inflation over the past four years. The economic downturn has changed how and what consumers buy, and these changes appear to be lasting. In 2012 they have launched their Live Well for little campaign based on awarding loyalty and providing the best quality possible for optimal price. Through Nectar loyalty scheme they have a wealth of data about their customers behaviour. CUsersUSERDesktopfinancial management2.JPGSource of the table Morrisons financial statement 2012.Source Sainsburys Financial Statement 20128 ConclusionsFinancial statements suggest that Morrisons financial performance was very good. They had a profitable year (profit of 58m) while Sainsburys performance was not good compared to 2011 (loss of 42m). Morrisons financial performance was strong, and they continued to invest in long term growth of the business, and to delive r increasing returns to shareholders.Even after having steady increase in sales revenue and gross profit, Sainsbury suffered loss compared to previous year mainly because their interest and tax expenses increased while profit from joint ventures reduced. Though Sainsburys acquisition of non-current assets was underfinanced with long term sources of finance, they still managed to generate more sales and cover the debt payable easily.Alternatively, Morrisons financial management was excellent as they covered all their non-current assets with long term sources of finance. High interest cover ratio indicates that there is no sort of pressure on the company and is very profitable.ReferencesFight, A (2006) Flow Forecasting, UK CFrion Tec. Pvt.Stickney C.P (2010) Financial Accounting an introduction to concepts methods and uses USA South Western Cengage eruditionSmart B.S Megginson W.L (2009) Introduction to Corporate Finance USA South Western Cengage LearningAlberth S.W (2011) Accounti ng, Concepts Applications, What, Why, How of Accounting USA South Western Cengage LearningGildersleeve R. (1999) Winning moving in How to use Financial Analysis and Benchmarks to outscore your competition Houston Tex Gult Pub. Co.Unknown (2010) An evaluation of the business and financial performance of morrisons. Available at http//www.ukessays.com/dissertations/business/financial-performance-of-morrisons.phpixzz2NhjC0HdW (Accessed 15/03/2013)capital of the United Kingdom Stock Exchange (2013) London Stock Exchange Available at www.londonstockexchange.com (Accessed 20/03/2013)Morrison conference (2013) Financial Reports Available at http//www.morrisons.co.uk/Corporate/Investor-centre/Financial-reports/ (Accessed 18/03/2013)Sainsburys Group (2013) Annual Report and Financial Statements 2011 Available At http//www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar11/ (Accessed 10/03/2013)Unknown (2013) Forces analyses of Sainsbury Available at http//www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/management/forces-analyses-of-s ainsbury.php (Accessed at 18/03/2013)Appendix 1Gearing Ratio = Long Term Loans + Value of Preference SharesShare Capital + Reserves + Long term Loans + Minority InterestSainsburys201220112617 + 0538 + 5091 + 2617 + 02339 + 0535 + 4889 + 2339 + 0= 31.73 %= 30.13 %Morrisons201220111600 + 0253 + 5144 + 1600 + 01052 + 0266 + 5154 + 1052 + 0= 22.86 %= 16.25 %Appendix 2Interest Cover Ratio = Profit before interest and taxInterest payableSainsbury20122011834138859116= 6.04= 7.40Morrison201220119684788743= 20.59= 20.62Appendix 3 on-line(prenominal) ratio = current assets / current liabilitiesSainsburys20112012 legitimate assets = 1708Current liabilities = 2942Current ratio = 1708/2942= .580Current assets = 2032Current liabilities = 3136Current ratio = 2032/3136= .647Morrisons20112012current assets = 1138current liabilities = 2086current ratio = 1138/2086= .545Current assets = 1322current liabilities = 2303current ratio = 1322/2303= .574Appendix 4Acid test ratio = liquid asset / current liab ilitiesLiquid asset = current asset inventories20112012Current assets = 1708inventories = 812liquid asset = 1708 812= 896current liabilities = 2942acid test ratio = 896 / 2942= .304Current assets = 2032inventories = 938liquid asset = 2032 938= 1094current liabilities = 3136acid test ratio = 1094 / 3136= .348SainsburysMorrisons20112012current assets = 1138inventories = 638liquid asset = 1138 638= cholecalciferolcurrent liabilities = 2086acid test ratio = 500 / 2086= .239current assets = 1322inventories = 759liquid asset = 1322 759= 569current liabilities = 2703acid test ratio = 569 / 2703= .247Appendix 5Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)ROCE =For Sainsburys20122011834 X 100538 + 5091 + 2617 + 0859 X 100535 + 4889 + 2339 + 0= 10.11 %= 11.06 %For Morrisons20122011968 X 100253 + 5144 + 1600 + 0887 X 100266 + 5154 + 1643 + 0= 13.83 %= 13.70 %Appendix 6Return on Equity ( ROE ) = Profit after Tax X 100Share Capital + ReservesFor Sainsburys20122011598 X 100538 + 5091640 X 100535 + 4889 = 10.62 %= 11.79 %For Morrisons20122011690 X 100253 + 5144632 X 100266 + 5154= 12.78 %= 11.66 %Appendix 7Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit X 100Sales RevenueFor Sainsburys201220111211 X 100222941160 X 10021102= 5.43 %= 5.49 %For Morrisons201220111217 X 100176631148 X 10016479= 6.89 %= 6.96 %

Edgar Degas: Six Friends at Dieppe | An Analysis

Edgar take Six Friends at Dieppe An AnalysisThis paper discusses withdraw representation of his circle of friends in reference to wedgees and champ worship. For the purposes of the paper, hero will be taken to mean characters, that, in the face of adversity, and perhaps from a position of weakness display courage and the will for self-sacrifice, with hero worship following the generally understood meaning intense admiration for a hero. The paper will show that Degas viewed his friends as heroes, in that they sacrificed themselves for their ferment, and that, with his collecting of various full treatment, especially by those of close friends, and his portraits of his close friends, he exhibited hero-worshipping towards these friends.The book Edgar Degas Six Friends at Dieppe, based on a 2005/6 exhibition of the same name at the RISD Museum, looks in detail at Degas relationships with his close circle of friends, as portrayed in Degas 1885 pastel portrait of the same name. In th is work, Degas presents Ludovic Halevy, Daniel Halevy, Jacques-Emil Blanch, Henri Gervex, Walter Sickert, and Albert Boulanger-Cave. The complex, often highly volatile, but always extremely sure, friendships between these men, and with Degas, are narrated in Degas portrait. This is discussed in more detail in the book Edgar Degas Six Friends at Dieppe, which concludes that Degas had an extremely complex relationship with his friends, and that once he had formed a friendship, Degas was at pains to let this friendship go, whatever the cost. He valued his friendships extremely highly, particularly, it seems, because he saw them as a means of let go of himself to the world, for his own timidity was often restrictive, and it was his relationships with close friends that allowed him to flourish (see Meyers, 2005).Degas formed many strong friendships throughout his life, as we have seen, with Ludovic Halevy ranking amongst the most dear, with loyal friendships with other artists (such as Emile Zola) informing his work, in terms of developing ideas about realism, and the role of painting, for example. Degas friendship with Sickert, for example, withstood the test of term, as relayed by Sickert himself in his 1917 denomination about his friendship with Degas (see Sickert, 1917), which portrays a profound affection for his friend Degas. This friendship is in addition explored in Robins (1988), which shows that Degas had a deep prise for Sickert, so much so that he introduced Sickert to mutual friends and to his own dealers. Degas friendship with Sickert was, however, only one of his many close friendships he also had deep, and well-documented, friendships with Manet, with Toulouse-Lautrec, and with Emile Zola amongst others. Indeed, it is within the place setting of these friendships that he came to see realism in art as the true path that his work should take, as documented in his many letters and through his various works (see, for example, Degas, 2000).Degas f riendship with Manet is legendary, based on a comradely rivalry, with many ups and downs, forged together through strong artistic bonds, depict as (they) used the same models, shared an iconography and indulged in reciprocal quotations (see Baumann et al., 1995). The two artists, thus, informed each others works, and, indeed, an explicit connection between Degas pastel works and Manets Chez le Pere Lathuille has been made (see Meyers, 2005), perhaps suggestive of some form of reciprocal hero worship towards Degas on the part of Manet. However debauched their friendship, however, it is perhaps indicative of the depth of Degas respect for Manet that Manets Ham and Pear were opposite Degas bed, so they were the first things he saw in the morning when he awoke (Meyers, 2005). Degas portraits of Manet, such as his 1968/9 Portrait of Monsieur and Madame Edouard Manet, often raised trouble between the friends, and indeed, Manet cut Suzannes face wrap up of this portrait, in disgust, alt hough it is thought, through analyses of Degas writings, that no harm was actually intended, and, indeed, the portrait seemed to have been intended as a genuine compliment to the couple, leading to a temporary split in the friendship (see Baumann et al., 1995). Other portraits, such as the etching Portrait of Edouard Manet completed in 1862/5 shows Degas utmost respect for Manet, showing Manet as alert and attentive, reinforcing Degas tendency to reveal how he felt about his friends, as artistic heroes, and even perhaps, as personal heroes who saved Degas from the darker sides of his own personality, and from his own personal demons1.Degas, the complex artist, with complex interpretations, can thus be argued to have exhibited hero worshipping towards his friends, as we have seen, through spending time with them, discussing realism with them, and by taking his time to paint portraits of them. In addition to this, Degas was an avid collector of art, and he avidly collected the work of old masters and contemporaries, with the aim of founding a Museum to house his extensive collection, although his loss of faith in the idea of a Museum, his suicide and the subsequent war-time exchange of the collection did not allow for the construction of a Museum to house his collection. As Dumas (2000) and Ives et al. (1998) document, Degas personal art collection numbered over 5000 works at the time of his death, including works by masters such as Delacroix and Ingres, but mostly works by his contemporaries, including Manet, Cassatt, Van Gogh and Gauguin. This represents a form of appreciation of their work, and, indeed, Degas is known to have only collected the best works of each artist, often, as was the case with Cezanne, collecting their work before the artists had attracted a dealer, or had exchange their work widely. His dedication to his work as a collector constitutes, in some form, hero worship, as one artist appreciating the heroic efforts of another artists to build up worthy art. at a lower placestanding representations of friends of Degas as heroes is therefore a valid way in which to understand Degas intense admiration for the work of his contemporaries. Under this understanding, for Degas, collecting and portrait painting was a form of hero worship.ReferencesBaumann, F.A. et al., 1995. Degas Portraits Portraits. Merrell Holberton.Dumas, A., 2000. The Private Collection of Edgar Degas. Yale University Press.Degas, E., 2000. Degas by himself Drawings, paintings and writings. Little, Brown.Ives, C., Stein, S.A. and Steiner, J.A. (eds.), 1998. The Private Collection of Edgar Degas a summary catalogue. Harry N. Abrams Inc.Julius, M., 1996. Edgar Degas obsessive artist, obsessive collector. Contemporary Review August, pp.13-14.Lipton, E., 1988. Looking into Degas Uneasy Images of Women and Modern Life.Meyers, J., 2005. Impressionist Quartet the intimate sentience of Manet and Morisot, Degas and Cassatt. Harcourt.OBrien, M. et al., 2005. E dgar Degas Six Friends at Dieppe. Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design.Robins, A.G., 1988. Degas and Sickert notes on their friendship. The Burlington Magazine 130(1020), pp.198+210-211+225-229.Robins, A.G. and Thomas, R., 2005. Degas, Sickert and Toulouse-Lautrec London and Paris, 1870-1910. Tate Publishing.Sickert, W., 1917. Degas. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 31(176), pp.183-187+190-191.Vollard, A., 1986. Degas an intimate portrait. Dover Publications.Footnotes1 nowhere is this better illustrated than in his extremely close relationship with Cassatt. He owned more than ninety of Cassatts prints, and aside from painting Cassatts portrait, he also produced a series of etchings entitled Mary Cassatt at the Louvre (see Julius, 1996).

Management Of Chronic Pain Nursing Essay

Management Of continuing Pain Nursing EssayThis project is a complete good example of inconvenience and how treated by understanding how its work, references passel be visited for more detailed information or contact me.Chronic unhinge is defined as a annoyanceful condition that lasts longer than 3 months. Chronic trouble oneself can withal be defined as achefulness that persists beyond the honest time for an injury to heal or a month beyond the usual course of an acute infirmity. There be four basic types of inveterate hassle (1) annoying persisting beyond the normal healing time for a disease or injury, (2) painful sensation related to a chronic chronic disease or persistent neurologic condition, (3) genus Cancer-related pain, (4) pain that emerges or persists without an identifiable cause. Chronic pain differs from acute pain in its function. Acute pain is an necessary biologic signal to warn the individual to stop a potentially injurious activity or to promp t one to seek medical cargon. Chronic pain serves no obvious biologic function. Chronic pain patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) become non been well studied, despite their apparent numbers.Complete annihilation of pain is not a reasonable end commove in most(prenominal) cases. Rather, the goal of therapy is pain reduction and return to functional status. Chronic pain syndromes discussed in this paper include myofascial headaches, transformed migraine headaches, fibromyalgia, myofascial chest pain, back pain, complex regional pain types I and II, post-therapeutic neuralgia, and phantom limb pain. Drug-seeking patients are also covered.EPIDEMIOLOGYChronic pain affects about a third of the population at least once during a patients lifetime, at a cost of-80 to 90 one thousand thousand dollars in health care payments and lawsuit settlements annually. Chronic pain is also common in those who do not seek medical attention. Despite corresponding subjective pain, th ose who seek medical attention are less physically active, experience more social alienation and more psychological sorrow than those who do not seek medical attention.The causes of chronic pain are more complex than the causes of acute pain. Chronic pain may be caused by (1) a chronic pathologic process in the musculoskeletal or vascular system, (2) a chronic pathologic process in one of the organ systems, (3) a protracted dysfunction in the peripheral or central nervous system, or (4) a psychological or environmental disorder. In contrast, acute pain may be influenced by, only is not primarily caused by, a psychological or continuous environmental disorder. A detailed listing of all the epidemiological factors of the various chronic pain syndromes is beyond the scope of this paper. However, in general, patients who attribute their pain to a specific traumatic event experience more stimulated distress, more life interference, and more severe pain than those with early(a) c auses.PATHOPHYSIOLOGYThe pathophysiology of chronic pain can be divided into three basic types. Nociceptive pain is associated with ongoing tissue damage. Neuropathic pain is associated with nervous system dysfunction in the absence of ongoing tissue damage. Finally, psychogenic pain has no identifiable cause.3 umpteen chronic pain states begin with an episode of nociceptive pain and then continue with neuropathic or psychogenic pain. For example, an acute injury with fracture involves nociceptive pain, but an associated nerve injury may lead to neuropathic pain. Chronic disability may lead to psychogenic pain. Nociceptive pain offsprings from the stimulation of nicotinic receptors in tissues or organs by noxious mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli. Chemical mediators of inflammation such as bradykinins and prostaglandins are essential elements in the pathophysiology of nociceptive pain. Examples of chronic nociceptive pain include cancer pain and pain due to chronic pancreat itis. Patients with nociceptive pain usually respond well to centrally acting analgesics. Neuropathic pain is caused by disease of the central or peripheral nervous system. Examples of neuropathic pain include complex regional pain type II (causalgia), post-therapeutic neuralgia, and phantom limb pain. Neuropathic pain responds poorly to common analgesics, including narcotics. Psychogenic pain is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be difficult to establish in the ED. Patients with psychogenic pain intend their pain is physical and tend to strongly reject the concept that it is psychological.CLINICAL FEATURESTo better define the psychology of chronic pain, psychiatrists have divided patients characteristics into two groups.4 The offset printing group has normal psychological function at baseline. However, continued pain and its effects, such as inability to work or altered body image, result in psychological dysfunction. The second group has primary psychopathology that predates the onset of chronic pain. Hypochondriacally, hysterical, pain-prone, and depressive personalities are included in this group.The following set of historical inquiries may prove helpful in the ED. The patients should be imploreed to describe the record of the current pain, initiating and exacerbating or relieving factors. Other useful information includes determination of the chronic nature of their pain, quantification of similar episodes, and sources and modes of treatment, including medications and dosages for physician- appointed, over-the-counter, or alternative medications. Outcomes of previous therapeutic efforts and the effect of the condition on the patients functional status are also important. Addiction to drugs or alcoholic drink or experience with detoxification programs should also be noted. Finally, a review of systems should be done to rule out some(prenominal) other conditions.Substance abuse is a frequent problem in chronic pain patients. Patients referred to chron ic pain clinics meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third revised variation (DSM III-R) criteria for active substance abuse disorders in 12 to 24 percent of cases, while 9 percent meet criteria for remission diagnosis. Drug detoxification is often the initiatory step of the therapeutic plan for new patients referred to a pain clinic.Objective findings of acute pain include tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, and muscle spasms on stimulation. Objective evidence of chronic pain includes muscle wasting in the distribution of pain due to neglect, skin temperature changes due to the effects of the sympathetic nervous system after disuse or secondary to nerve injury, and trigger points, which are focal points of muscle tenderness and tension. However, these findings do not have to be present for the pain to be factual.BACK PAIN Risk factors for chronic back pain following an acute episode include male gender, advanced age, evidence of nonorganic disease, le g pain, prolonged initial episode, and significant disability at onset. Chronic back pain symptoms and causes can be divided into myofascial or muscular, articular, and neurogenic types. Myofascial back pain is characterized by unvaried dull and occasional shooting pain that does not follow a classic nerve distribution. Pain may or may not be exacerbated by movement. Usually trigger points can be found at the site of greatest pain, and muscle atrophy is not found. Range of apparent motion of the involved muscle is reduced, but there is no actual muscle weakness. Previous recommendations for bed rest in the treatment of back pain have proven counterproductive. Exercise programs have been found to be helpful in chronic low back pain. Articular back pain is characterized by unbroken or sharp pain that is exacerbated by movement and associated with local muscle spasm. Myofascial and articular back pain may be indistinguishable from each other except by advanced imaging techniques bey ond the usual scope of practice in the ED. Neurogenic back pain is classically characterized by constant or intermittent pain that is burning, shooting, or aching. The pain is usually more severe in the leg than in the back and follows a dermatome. Muscle atrophy as well as reflex changes can be seen over time.DIAGNOSISThe most important task of the emergency physician is to distinguish chronic pain from an exacerbation that heralds a life- or limb-threatening condition. A complete history and physical examination should either confirm the chronic condition or point to the need for further evaluation when unexpected signs or symptoms are elicited. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may be needed in some cases of chronic myofascial chest pain to help differentiate it from acute ischemic chest pain. Because chronic pain patients may be frequent visitors to the ED, the entire staff may prejudge their mission as chronic or factitious. Physicians should insist that routine procedures be followe d, including a full triage assessment and a complete set of vital signs.Rarely is a provisional diagnosis of a chronic pain condition made for the first time in the ED. The exception is a form of post-nerve-injury pain, complex regional pain. The sharp pain from acute injuries, including fractures, rarely continues beyond 2 weeks duration. Pain in an injured body part beyond this period should alert the clinician to the guess of nerve injury, and proper treatment, discussed below, should be instituted.Definitive diagnostic testing of chronic pain conditions is difficult, requires expert opinion, and often expensive procedures such as magnetic plangency imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and thermography. Therefore, referral back to the primary source of care and eventual specialist referral are warranted to confirm the diagnosis.TREATMENTEmergency physicians must avoid labeling patients with pain as either drug seekers or legitimate patients deserving narcotics for pain reli ef. With these labels, emergency physicians may exacerbate the problem and promote the learned pain response, where patients imagine that they must come to the ED for pain relief. Chronic pain patients often request narcotics, although the lure of going to the ED can be just as strong without receiving narcotics. Any drug that alters sensorium can exacerbate the learned pain response. The external rewards of visiting the ED for medication or evaluation are many a(prenominal) attention and comforting from family and nursing staff, status as a special patient who must go the ED for pain control, avoiding responsibilities at work and at home, potential money if litigation is involved, and potential income if a disability claim is pending.Treatment with opiates frequently contributes to the psychopathologic aspects of the disease. Chronic pain and disability lead to distress and increased stress in the life of the patient. The potentiated psychological stress heightens physiologic aro usal, which increases pain sensations. Elevated pain sensations exacerbate the patients disability. Opiate use only temporarily relieves the pain sensations, but the side effects frequently increase the disability associated with chronic pain, therefore exacerbating the psychological stress and the syndrome. Furthermore, a new problem is created as the patient becomes preoccupied with seeking pain relief from opiates. Another essential consideration is that many types of chronic pain are poorly controlled by opiates, and barely the side effects remain. It is interesting to note that the presence of objective evidence of pain does little to influence a physicians administration of narcotics. Physicians opiate-prescribing habits are most unremarkably prompted by observed pain behaviors, such as facial grimacing, audible expressions of distress, or patients avoidance of activity regardless of the physical findings.With the exception of cancer-related pain, the use of opioids in the t reatment of chronic pain is controversial. Many pain specialists feel that they should not be used. There are two essential points that affect the use of opioids in the ED on which there is agreement (1) opioids should only be used in chronic pain if they enhance function at home and at work, and (2) a single practitioner should be the sole prescriber of narcotics or should be aware of their administration by others. Finally, a previous narcotic addiction is a relative contraindication to the use of opioids in chronic pain. In contrast to the concerns listed above, narcotics are both recommended and effective treatment for cancer pain. Long-acting narcotics such as methadon or transdermal fentanyl may be more effective than the short-acting agents.. The medications listed under Primary ED Treatment are familiar to emergency physicians. date NSAIDs are most helpful in conditions where there is ongoing tissue injury, such as chronic inflammatory arthritis or cancer-related nerve or bone damage, they are also helpful in many cases of chronic pain where no evidence of tissue damage or inflammation is evident. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug drugs have been shown to be more helpful in acute than in chronic pain. However, the need for long-standing treatment of chronic pain conditions may limit the safety of the NSAIDs. Standard dosing procedures may be followed except in the elderlyAntidepressants and, most commonly, the tricyclic antidepressant drugs, are the most frequently used drugs for the management of chronic pain. Often, effective pain control can be achieved at sexually transmitted diseases lower than typically required for relief of depression. Tricyclic antidepressants appears to enhance endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms. When antidepressants are prescribed in the ED, a follow-up plan should be in place. Discussion with a pain specialist is often beneficial. The most common drug and dose is amitriptyline 10 to 25 mg, 2 h prior to bedtime.Anti convulsants are used for several pain disorders, especially neuropathic pain. Anticonvulsants forbid bursts of action potentials, which may prevent the severe lancinating pain of certain neuropathic syndromes. Carbamazepine (start 100 to 200 mg/d), valproic acid (start 15 mg/kg/d divided), and clonazepam (start 0.5 mg/d) are the most frequently used.Muscle relaxants, such as cyclobenzaprine 10 mg every 8 h, have been useful for chronic pain patients. Their sedating effects may limit their success.Tramadol is an atypical centrally active analgesic. It has less respiratory depression, less tolerance, and less abuse potential than do opiates. Tramadol has been used with success in patients with fibromyalgia, migraine headaches, low back pain, and neuropathic pain. The dose of tramadol is 50 to 100 mg every 4 to 6 h by mouth.Chronic Pain in the of age(p)Elderly patients frequently complain of chronic pain. Unfortunately, many of the commonly used medications for pain have higher compl ication rates in the elderly. In particular, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with higher rates of gastrointestinal bleeding and renal disease in the elderly. Opioids also may cause debilitating sedation and/or disability in the elderly however, opioids may have less debilitating side effects than NSAIDs. Doses of many agents should be reduced when treating the elderly, to avoid side effects, and it is essential that a follow-up plan be in place at the time of discharge. There is a perception that the elderly are under medicated for pain control. While this may be true, the elderly do not seem to be under medicated more than other age groups.ConclusionIn the end you can notice that pain can affect any one at any age, and its management is not easy as anyone think, especially in chronic moderate to severe pain. The variety of drugs that synthesized for this purpose are too much now, but no class of these drugs can cure the different causes of pain, a nd scientists now a days improving the activity of these drugs. In fact the now by the end of 2009 working on new formulation that is said to cure pain caused by inflammation. Thus aspirin will only be used for its anticoagulant and antipyretic activities, but not for anti-inflammatory action, this will reduce the perniciousness cases caused by the aspirin over doses if it is used as anti-inflammatory or pain relief agent.Most important is that people with pain must ask doctor to find the cause of pain, so he/she can give the right medication and cure any type of inflammation or cancer if there is any early before the exacerbating of the current case, then it will be too late to try to cure the advanced disease and death may occur in most of the cases, so be careful any small pain can be the start for any kind of disease starting from stress ending with fatal cancer.

Great Divorce Essay examples -- essays research papers

This parole is delightfully insightful in it is content. Lewis is the narrator of his story, which begins in Hell, a sick town full of empty streets. Lewis uses a dream as the vehicle to carry his ideas. Lewis boards a bus for enlightenment with other ghosts from the town. It is not until the last chapter of the book that the reader finds out that Lewis is actually having a dream. Lewis finds himself in a dark and dreary place, where the houses are gray and empty, a dismal rain never stops, and fourth dimension is eternally stuck in the bleak period just before sunset. Walking through with(predicate) this abominable town, he happens to find a bus stop, which takes inhabitants out of this deplorable place and into a much brighter happier world. Slightly bewildered, Lewis boards the bus and begins a journey out of a city named Hell and into another city called Heaven. When he arrives at his destination, Lewis discovers that Hells inhabitants do not enjoy the beauty of this new la nd. In heaven, these people become ghosts because they are not strong enough to watch the substantive things of this world. The grass and water cut through their feet and even the tiniest object is to heavy for the ghosts to pick up. The rain would penetrate them like bullets would from a machine gun. The ideal of Heaven being incredibly large and Hell being considerably small, smaller than a grain of sand is quite a comparison. The ghosts refused any stand by from the residents of heaven. One of the major mistakes the ghosts made was trying to conquer their struggles with their own powers. Time and once again, Lewis sees the ghosts fail, but they still will not let go of what is holding them back. mend Lewis is walking he meets George MacDonald who aids him in his journey through heaven. MacDonald tells Lewis that this journey is a dream, which will make clear to him that souls look at a choice among Heaven and Hell and what that choice is. Lewis, at first, is unable to unde rstand why the lost souls moldiness be damned. However, he is finally persuaded that Hell is the only kind-hearted solution for the lost souls. Passing by patchy sad spectacles of people from Hell, Lewis begins to understand, with the help of MacDonald, that these people must throw away everything and commit their lives to Christ. Whether a warning to or a reflection on society, the book stimulates thought and forces the reader to look inward at his or her own... ...ce too? Should not Christians express feelings over the lost? Should not we ask the Lord of the field to send laborers into His harvest (Luke 102)? Certainly Lewis gives the reader a vivid account of how Heaven and Hell look like and what will happen once souls get there. I believe Lewis, through this book, was trying to show that people have a choice in whether or not they go to Heaven or Hell. People dont choose Hell with a full understanding of what they are doing. They dont have a clear picture of the eternal hap piness they will miss or the everlasting separation and darkness they will endure. According to the Bible, Hell is a place of choice. As a result, the Bible repeatedly appeals to its readers to choose the way of life rather than the path of death and judgment. For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul? Or what will a man give in exchange for his soul (Mark 836,37)? So, what must one do in order to get to heaven? Jesus says in order to go to Heaven you must be born again (John 37). Lewis never comes out directly and tells them you must be saved. He does it in a way that leaves the reader thinking the only way is through Jesus Christ.

risk management Essay -- essays research papers

chance Management For Banking CompaniesRisk make lovement is the process of assessing run a risk and developing strategies to manage the risk. In specimen risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby the risks with the greatest loss and greatest probability of occurring ar handled first.In practice the process can be very difficult, and fit between risks with laid-back probability of occurrence but lower loss & risks with high loss but lower probability of occurrence can frequently be mishandled. Financial firms face four common risks Market risk refers to misadventure of incurring large losses from adverse changes in financial asset prices, such as stock prices. Standard risk management involves use of statistical models to forecast probabilities & magnitudes of large adverse price changes. Credit risk is the risk that a firms borrowers will not repay their debt obligations in full. The traditional method for managing credit risk is to establish credit li mits at the level of the individual borrower & industry sector. Quantitative models are increasingly used to measure and manage credit risks.Funding risk is the risk that a firm cannot fuck off the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, for example short-term loan commitments. one-third common techniques for mitigating are diversifying over funding sources, holding liquid assets, and establishing calamity plans, such as backup lines of credit. Operational risk is the risk of monetary los... risk management Essay -- essays research papers Risk Management For Banking CompaniesRisk management is the process of assessing risk and developing strategies to manage the risk. In ideal risk management, a prioritization process is followed whereby the risks with the greatest loss and greatest probability of occurring are handled first.In practice the process can be very difficult, and balancing between risks with high probability of occurrence but lower loss & ri sks with high loss but lower probability of occurrence can often be mishandled. Financial firms face four common risks Market risk refers to possibility of incurring large losses from adverse changes in financial asset prices, such as stock prices. Standard risk management involves use of statistical models to forecast probabilities & magnitudes of large adverse price changes. Credit risk is the risk that a firms borrowers will not repay their debt obligations in full. The traditional method for managing credit risk is to establish credit limits at the level of the individual borrower & industry sector. Quantitative models are increasingly used to measure and manage credit risks.Funding risk is the risk that a firm cannot obtain the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, for example short-term loan commitments. Three common techniques for mitigating are diversifying over funding sources, holding liquid assets, and establishing contingency plans, such as backup lines of c redit. Operational risk is the risk of monetary los...